Lab Methods
Amino Acid Analysis for Peptide Quantification in the Lab
Amino acid analysis for peptide quantification: acid hydrolysis, derivatization, which residues survive, and how AAA turns a powder into moles of peptide.
Lab MethodsCalculating Peptide Stock Solution Concentrations for Assays
Calculating peptide stock solution concentrations for in-vitro assays: molarity from mass, net peptide content correction, dilution series and checking by UV.
Lab MethodsDesigning Cell-Based Assays with Research Peptides
Designing cell-based assays with research peptides: controls, vehicle effects, counterion artefacts, adsorption losses, plate statistics and concentration-response design.
Lab MethodsFreeze-Thaw Cycles and Aliquoting Peptide Stocks in the Lab
Freeze-thaw cycles and aliquoting peptide stocks: what happens as a solution freezes, why buffers and containers matter, and a single-use aliquot workflow.
Lab MethodsHPLC Purity Testing for Research Peptides, Explained Clearly
HPLC purity testing for research peptides explained: reversed-phase columns, TFA gradients, UV detection, peak integration and why tiny tripeptides need care.
Lab MethodsLaboratory Safety and SDS for Research Peptides
Laboratory safety and SDS for research peptides: GHS classification limits, the 16 SDS sections, powder handling, solvent hazards and building a local risk assessment.
Lab MethodsLyophilized Peptide Storage: Temperature, Light and Stability
Lyophilized peptide storage guide: freezer temperatures, moisture, light, freeze-thaw stress and the chemistry behind them, using Epithalon and BPC-157.
Lab MethodsMass Spectrometry and Peptide Identity Confirmation in the Lab
How mass spectrometry confirms peptide identity: ESI and MALDI, charge states, monoisotopic vs average mass, MS/MS fragments, and a TB-500 worked example.
Lab MethodsPeptide Reconstitution Solvents: BAC Water and Alternatives
Choosing peptide reconstitution solvents for lab work: bacteriostatic water, sterile water, dilute acid or base and DMSO, plus charge rules and stock tips.
Lab MethodsPeptide Solubility and Aggregation in the Laboratory
Peptide solubility and aggregation in the lab: predicting behaviour from charge and hydrophobicity, choosing solvents, and detecting aggregates in stocks.
Lab MethodsShipping and Receiving Research Peptides: Temperature Checks
Shipping and receiving research peptides: why lyophilized powder tolerates transit, what to inspect on arrival, moisture and oxygen risks, and how to log a new lot.
Quality & Testing
Common Peptide Impurities: Deletions, Truncations and Adducts
Common peptide impurities explained: deletion and truncation sequences, protecting-group adducts, diastereomers and the mass shifts that identify each one.
Quality & TestingEndotoxin (LAL) Testing for Research Peptides: A Lab Guide
Endotoxin LAL testing for research peptides: how the Limulus cascade works, gel-clot vs kinetic vs rFC assays, interference, masking and when EU/mg matters.
Quality & TestingHow to Evaluate a Research Peptide Supplier: A Lab Checklist
How to evaluate a research peptide supplier: lot-specific CoAs, HPLC and MS data, salt form disclosure, cold-chain handling and compliant labelling.
Quality & TestingHow to Read a Peptide Certificate of Analysis (CoA), Line by Line
How to read a peptide certificate of analysis: what the HPLC purity, mass spec identity, lot and content lines mean, and the gaps a careful lab should check.
Quality & TestingLC-MS vs MALDI-TOF for Peptide Analysis: A Practical Comparison
LC-MS vs MALDI-TOF for peptide analysis: how ESI and MALDI ionize peptides, charge states, ion suppression and TFA, and which suits identity or impurity work.
Quality & TestingLot Numbers and Traceability in Peptide Research Labs
Lot numbers and traceability in peptide research: what a lot is, why lot-to-lot variation happens, and how to link every experiment back to its source vial.
Quality & TestingNet Peptide Content vs HPLC Purity: Why Both Numbers Matter
Net peptide content vs HPLC purity: what each figure measures, how counterions and water lower content, and how to combine both numbers for accurate lab work.
Quality & TestingPeptide Purity Grades Explained: What 95%, 98% and 99% Mean
Peptide purity grades explained: what 95%, 98% and 99% HPLC purity measure, what the remainder contains, and how to match a grade to an in-vitro experiment.
Quality & TestingWhat "Research Use Only" Means for Lab Chemicals
What research use only means for lab chemicals: the RUO label's regulatory basis, how FDA reads intended use, and what the designation implies for a lab.
Compound Research
5-Amino-1MQ and NNMT Inhibition Research Explained
5-Amino-1MQ NNMT inhibition research: the methylation sink hypothesis, SAM and nicotinamide handling, quinolinium inhibitor SAR, and assay design for the lab.
Compound ResearchAICAR and AMPK Activation in Laboratory Research Explained
AICAR AMPK activation research: conversion to ZMP, the gamma-subunit site, documented AMPK-independent effects and controls for cell-culture work.
Compound ResearchAOD9604 and HGH Fragment 176-191: Lipid Metabolism Research
AOD9604 and HGH fragment 176-191 research: the C-terminal lipolytic domain of growth hormone, rodent lipid studies, beta3-AR models and assay notes.
Compound ResearchEpithalon and Telomerase: What the Research Covers
Epithalon telomerase research: the AEDG tetrapeptide, hTERT expression in cultured cells, rodent studies, histone-binding models and lab handling.
Compound ResearchFOXO4-DRI and Cellular Senescence Research Explained
FOXO4-DRI senescence research: how the retro-inverso peptide disrupts the FOXO4-p53 interaction, what mouse and cell studies reported, and controls.
Compound ResearchGlutathione in Redox and Oxidative-Stress Research
Glutathione redox research: GSH biosynthesis, the GSH/GSSG couple, GPX4 and ferroptosis, plus extraction and assay methods for accurate measurement.
Compound ResearchMOTS-c Research: The Mitochondrial-Derived Peptide Explained
MOTS-c research overview: how this mitochondrial-derived peptide is encoded in the 12S rRNA gene, how it engages AMPK, and what mouse and cell studies report.
Compound ResearchNAD+ in Cellular Metabolism Research: Pathways and Methods
NAD+ cellular metabolism research: redox chemistry, salvage biosynthesis, sirtuin, PARP and CD38 consumers, plus extraction and assay tips for labs.
Compound ResearchSS-31 (Elamipretide) and Cardiolipin: Membrane Research
SS-31 cardiolipin research: the Szeto-Schiller tetrapeptide, its affinity for the inner mitochondrial membrane, surface electrostatics and assay design.
Peptide Science
A Brief History of Peptide Science, From Insulin to Today
A brief history of peptide science: Sanger's insulin sequence, Merrifield's solid-phase synthesis, chemical ligation, receptor deorphanisation and modern peptide chemistry.
Peptide ScienceAmylin Analogs and Cagrilintide Receptor Research Overview
Amylin receptor research: how RAMPs build AMY1-3 receptors from the calcitonin receptor, cagrilintide pharmacology, structural studies and assay design.
Peptide ScienceChemical Strategies for Peptide Stability: Lipidation and More
Chemical strategies for peptide stability: lipidation, PEGylation, terminal capping, backbone modification and cyclization, plus what each does to mass and handling.
Peptide ScienceD-Amino Acids and Retro-Inverso Peptide Design Explained
D-amino acids and retro-inverso peptide design explained: chirality, protease resistance, side-chain topology, backbone limits and how RI analogs are analysed.
Peptide ScienceDeamidation and Other Peptide Degradation Pathways Explained
Deamidation and other peptide degradation pathways: succinimide chemistry, isoaspartate, Asp-X cleavage, pyroglutamate and diketopiperazine formation.
Peptide ScienceDisulfide Bonds and Cyclic Peptide Chemistry for the Lab
Disulfide bonds and cyclic peptide chemistry: how rings are formed and verified, lactam bridges vs disulfides, and what cyclization means for handling and analysis.
Peptide ScienceGPCR Signaling Basics for Peptide Research Laboratories
GPCR signaling basics for peptide research: receptor activation, G protein families, arrestins, constitutive activity and the assay readouts used to measure each step.
Peptide ScienceMethionine and Cysteine Oxidation in Peptides: Lab Chemistry
Methionine and cysteine oxidation in peptides: sulfoxides, disulfides and sulfonic acids, what drives them, how to spot mass shifts, and how labs limit them.
Peptide SciencePeptide Counterions: TFA vs Acetate vs HCl Salts Explained
Peptide counterions explained: why synthetic peptides arrive as TFA, acetate or HCl salts, how each affects mass, assays and spectra, and how labs swap them.
Peptide SciencePeptide Sequence Notation and Nomenclature: A Lab Guide
Peptide sequence notation and nomenclature explained: one- and three-letter codes, direction, modifications, bracket conventions, fragment numbering and common errors.
Peptide ScienceSolid-Phase Peptide Synthesis: How Research Peptides Are Made
Solid-phase peptide synthesis explained: resins, Fmoc/tBu chemistry, coupling, TFA cleavage, purification and the side reactions behind peptide impurities.